Tattoos actually exist in the skin in the form of many small ink droplets. As shown in the upper right corner of the first picture below, we can see that in the skin section made at the tattoo site, many densely distributed small black dots in the picture are the tattoo ink droplets in the skin. If you zoom in further, you can see that the tattoo ink forms many 400-4000nm particles that are absorbed into the cells. In addition, in the intercellular matrix between cells, you can also see loose tattoo ink particles with a diameter of about 40-100nm:
The most popular method of modern tattoo treatment is to use picosecond laser to remove tattoo pigment. You may be familiar with picosecond laser, but how does picosecond laser remove the stubborn tattoo ink in the skin as shown above?
The principle of picosecond laser is to use a very short pulse time to emit all the energy of the laser. The firing time is even as short as 10 to the negative 12th power of seconds, also known as picoseconds, hence the name picosecond laser. Because such a high laser energy is emitted in such a short time, such a short and strong laser can produce a "photoacoustic effect" in the skin, thus instantly heating the melanin in the skin.
On the other hand, since the energy absorbed by tattoo ink is much higher than that of normal skin tissue, it will absorb most of the laser energy, thereby destroying the skin tissue around the tattoo ink and forming small cavitations under the skin. As shown in the figure below, this is a skin slice sampled ten minutes after laser treatment of tattoos. It can be seen that the tattoo ink is destroyed after absorbing the energy of the laser light shock wave effect, forming obvious cavitations under the skin.
After laser treatment, the tattoo surface is all white. Many people are curious why it looks similar right after treatment. Does it mean that the tattoo has been cleaned and whitened?
In fact, at the end of laser treatment, the skin surface is usually filled with small subcutaneous bubbles as shown in the previous picture, so it will look white like bubbles on the surface of soda or beer. However, after ice application, as the bubbles are gradually absorbed, it will appear red/black, indicating the end of normal treatment.
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